Clean up Astro metadata in vfile.data (#11861)

Co-authored-by: Sarah Rainsberger <sarah@rainsberger.ca>

20 files changed, 115 insertions, 128 deletions

diff --git a/.changeset/clean-donuts-walk.md b/.changeset/clean-donuts-walk.md
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..1af111a4b
--- /dev/null
+++ b/.changeset/clean-donuts-walk.md
@@ -0,0 +1,13 @@
+---
+'@astrojs/markdown-remark': major
+'astro': major
+---
+
+Cleans up Astro-specfic metadata attached to `vfile.data` in Remark and Rehype plugins. Previously, the metadata was attached in different locations with inconsistent names. The metadata is now renamed as below:
+
+- `vfile.data.__astroHeadings` -> `vfile.data.astro.headings`
+- `vfile.data.imagePaths` -> `vfile.data.astro.imagePaths`
+
+The types of `imagePaths` has also been updated from `Set<string>` to `string[]`. The `vfile.data.astro.frontmatter` metadata is left unchanged.
+
+While we don't consider these APIs public, they can be accessed by Remark and Rehype plugins that want to re-use Astro's metadata. If you are using these APIs, make sure to access them in the new locations.
diff --git a/.changeset/selfish-cats-crash.md b/.changeset/selfish-cats-crash.md
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..a1ec38a47
--- /dev/null
+++ b/.changeset/selfish-cats-crash.md
@@ -0,0 +1,5 @@
+---
+'@astrojs/markdown-remark': major
+---
+
+Removes `InvalidAstroDataError`, `safelyGetAstroData`, and `setVfileFrontmatter` APIs in favour of `isFrontmatterValid`
diff --git a/.changeset/twelve-comics-march.md b/.changeset/twelve-comics-march.md
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..5b455ea09
--- /dev/null
+++ b/.changeset/twelve-comics-march.md
@@ -0,0 +1,5 @@
+---
+'@astrojs/mdx': patch
+---
+
+Updates `@astrojs/markdown-remark` and handle its breaking changes
diff --git a/packages/astro/src/vite-plugin-markdown/content-entry-type.ts b/packages/astro/src/vite-plugin-markdown/content-entry-type.ts
index 48a45294e..841789b22 100644
--- a/packages/astro/src/vite-plugin-markdown/content-entry-type.ts
+++ b/packages/astro/src/vite-plugin-markdown/content-entry-type.ts
@@ -32,10 +32,7 @@ export const markdownContentEntryType: ContentEntryType = {
 			});
 			return {
 				html: result.code,
-				metadata: {
-					...result.metadata,
-					imagePaths: Array.from(result.metadata.imagePaths),
-				},
+				metadata: result.metadata,
 			};
 		};
 	},
diff --git a/packages/astro/src/vite-plugin-markdown/index.ts b/packages/astro/src/vite-plugin-markdown/index.ts
index a85eaff46..1a01f223a 100644
--- a/packages/astro/src/vite-plugin-markdown/index.ts
+++ b/packages/astro/src/vite-plugin-markdown/index.ts
@@ -1,9 +1,9 @@
 import fs from 'node:fs';
 import { fileURLToPath, pathToFileURL } from 'node:url';
 import {
-	InvalidAstroDataError,
 	type MarkdownProcessor,
 	createMarkdownProcessor,
+	isFrontmatterValid,
 } from '@astrojs/markdown-remark';
 import type { Plugin } from 'vite';
 import { normalizePath } from 'vite';
@@ -69,26 +69,23 @@ export default function markdown({ settings, logger }: AstroPluginOptions): Plug
 					);
 				}
 
-				const renderResult = await processor
-					.render(raw.content, {
-						// @ts-expect-error passing internal prop
-						fileURL,
-						frontmatter: raw.data,
-					})
-					.catch((err) => {
-						// Improve error message for invalid astro data
-						if (err instanceof InvalidAstroDataError) {
-							throw new AstroError(AstroErrorData.InvalidFrontmatterInjectionError);
-						}
-						throw err;
-					});
+				const renderResult = await processor.render(raw.content, {
+					// @ts-expect-error passing internal prop
+					fileURL,
+					frontmatter: raw.data,
+				});
+
+				// Improve error message for invalid astro frontmatter
+				if (!isFrontmatterValid(renderResult.metadata.frontmatter)) {
+					throw new AstroError(AstroErrorData.InvalidFrontmatterInjectionError);
+				}
 
 				let html = renderResult.code;
 				const { headings, imagePaths: rawImagePaths, frontmatter } = renderResult.metadata;
 
 				// Resolve all the extracted images from the content
 				const imagePaths: MarkdownImagePath[] = [];
-				for (const imagePath of rawImagePaths.values()) {
+				for (const imagePath of rawImagePaths) {
 					imagePaths.push({
 						raw: imagePath,
 						safeName: shorthash(imagePath),
diff --git a/packages/integrations/mdx/src/plugins.ts b/packages/integrations/mdx/src/plugins.ts
index 082e8f6fd..77c76243c 100644
--- a/packages/integrations/mdx/src/plugins.ts
+++ b/packages/integrations/mdx/src/plugins.ts
@@ -83,7 +83,7 @@ function getRehypePlugins(mdxOptions: MdxOptions): PluggableList {
 	}
 
 	rehypePlugins.push(
-		// Render info from `vfile.data.astro.data.frontmatter` as JS
+		// Render info from `vfile.data.astro.frontmatter` as JS
 		rehypeApplyFrontmatterExport,
 		// Analyze MDX nodes and attach to `vfile.data.__astroMetadata`
 		rehypeAnalyzeAstroMetadata,
diff --git a/packages/integrations/mdx/src/rehype-apply-frontmatter-export.ts b/packages/integrations/mdx/src/rehype-apply-frontmatter-export.ts
index 1b981a68e..cc1f4d141 100644
--- a/packages/integrations/mdx/src/rehype-apply-frontmatter-export.ts
+++ b/packages/integrations/mdx/src/rehype-apply-frontmatter-export.ts
@@ -1,18 +1,16 @@
-import { InvalidAstroDataError } from '@astrojs/markdown-remark';
-import { safelyGetAstroData } from '@astrojs/markdown-remark/dist/internal.js';
+import { isFrontmatterValid } from '@astrojs/markdown-remark';
 import type { VFile } from 'vfile';
 import { jsToTreeNode } from './utils.js';
 
 export function rehypeApplyFrontmatterExport() {
 	return function (tree: any, vfile: VFile) {
-		const astroData = safelyGetAstroData(vfile.data);
-		if (astroData instanceof InvalidAstroDataError)
+		const frontmatter = vfile.data.astro?.frontmatter;
+		if (!frontmatter || !isFrontmatterValid(frontmatter))
 			throw new Error(
 				// Copied from Astro core `errors-data`
 				// TODO: find way to import error data from core
 				'[MDX] A remark or rehype plugin attempted to inject invalid frontmatter. Ensure "astro.frontmatter" is set to a valid JSON object that is not `null` or `undefined`.',
 			);
-		const { frontmatter } = astroData;
 		const exportNodes = [
 			jsToTreeNode(`export const frontmatter = ${JSON.stringify(frontmatter)};`),
 		];
diff --git a/packages/integrations/mdx/src/rehype-collect-headings.ts b/packages/integrations/mdx/src/rehype-collect-headings.ts
index fafc59721..a51e8e9f0 100644
--- a/packages/integrations/mdx/src/rehype-collect-headings.ts
+++ b/packages/integrations/mdx/src/rehype-collect-headings.ts
@@ -1,9 +1,9 @@
-import type { MarkdownHeading, MarkdownVFile } from '@astrojs/markdown-remark';
+import type { VFile } from 'vfile';
 import { jsToTreeNode } from './utils.js';
 
 export function rehypeInjectHeadingsExport() {
-	return function (tree: any, file: MarkdownVFile) {
-		const headings: MarkdownHeading[] = file.data.__astroHeadings || [];
+	return function (tree: any, file: VFile) {
+		const headings = file.data.astro?.headings ?? [];
 		tree.children.unshift(
 			jsToTreeNode(`export function getHeadings() { return ${JSON.stringify(headings)} }`),
 		);
diff --git a/packages/integrations/mdx/src/rehype-images-to-component.ts b/packages/integrations/mdx/src/rehype-images-to-component.ts
index 95b500784..da2f25ee5 100644
--- a/packages/integrations/mdx/src/rehype-images-to-component.ts
+++ b/packages/integrations/mdx/src/rehype-images-to-component.ts
@@ -1,8 +1,8 @@
-import type { MarkdownVFile } from '@astrojs/markdown-remark';
 import type { Properties, Root } from 'hast';
 import type { MdxJsxAttribute, MdxjsEsm } from 'mdast-util-mdx';
 import type { MdxJsxFlowElementHast } from 'mdast-util-mdx-jsx';
 import { visit } from 'unist-util-visit';
+import type { VFile } from 'vfile';
 import { jsToTreeNode } from './utils.js';
 
 export const ASTRO_IMAGE_ELEMENT = 'astro-image';
@@ -72,18 +72,18 @@ function getImageComponentAttributes(props: Properties): MdxJsxAttribute[] {
 }
 
 export function rehypeImageToComponent() {
-	return function (tree: Root, file: MarkdownVFile) {
-		if (!file.data.imagePaths) return;
+	return function (tree: Root, file: VFile) {
+		if (!file.data.astro?.imagePaths) return;
 
 		const importsStatements: MdxjsEsm[] = [];
 		const importedImages = new Map<string, string>();
 
 		visit(tree, 'element', (node, index, parent) => {
-			if (!file.data.imagePaths || node.tagName !== 'img' || !node.properties.src) return;
+			if (!file.data.astro?.imagePaths || node.tagName !== 'img' || !node.properties.src) return;
 
 			const src = decodeURI(String(node.properties.src));
 
-			if (!file.data.imagePaths.has(src)) return;
+			if (!file.data.astro.imagePaths?.includes(src)) return;
 
 			let importName = importedImages.get(src);
 
diff --git a/packages/integrations/mdx/src/vite-plugin-mdx.ts b/packages/integrations/mdx/src/vite-plugin-mdx.ts
index 7b37535d8..e4d4387c3 100644
--- a/packages/integrations/mdx/src/vite-plugin-mdx.ts
+++ b/packages/integrations/mdx/src/vite-plugin-mdx.ts
@@ -1,4 +1,3 @@
-import { setVfileFrontmatter } from '@astrojs/markdown-remark';
 import type { SSRError } from 'astro';
 import { getAstroMetadata } from 'astro/jsx/rehype.js';
 import { VFile } from 'vfile';
@@ -47,9 +46,15 @@ export function vitePluginMdx(mdxOptions: MdxOptions): Plugin {
 			const { data: frontmatter, content: pageContent, matter } = parseFrontmatter(code, id);
 			const frontmatterLines = matter ? matter.match(/\n/g)?.join('') + '\n\n' : '';
 
-			const vfile = new VFile({ value: frontmatterLines + pageContent, path: id });
-			// Ensure `data.astro` is available to all remark plugins
-			setVfileFrontmatter(vfile, frontmatter);
+			const vfile = new VFile({
+				value: frontmatterLines + pageContent,
+				path: id,
+				data: {
+					astro: {
+						frontmatter,
+					},
+				},
+			});
 
 			// `processor` is initialized in `configResolved`, and removed in `buildEnd`. `transform`
 			// should be called in between those two lifecycle, so this error should never happen
diff --git a/packages/markdown/remark/package.json b/packages/markdown/remark/package.json
index aec4b0cfc..4807f6091 100644
--- a/packages/markdown/remark/package.json
+++ b/packages/markdown/remark/package.json
@@ -13,8 +13,7 @@
   "homepage": "https://astro.build",
   "main": "./dist/index.js",
   "exports": {
-    ".": "./dist/index.js",
-    "./dist/internal.js": "./dist/internal.js"
+    ".": "./dist/index.js"
   },
   "imports": {
     "#import-plugin": {
diff --git a/packages/markdown/remark/src/frontmatter-injection.ts b/packages/markdown/remark/src/frontmatter-injection.ts
deleted file mode 100644
index 91b98ebcb..000000000
--- a/packages/markdown/remark/src/frontmatter-injection.ts
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,34 +0,0 @@
-import type { VFileData as Data, VFile } from 'vfile';
-import type { MarkdownAstroData } from './types.js';
-
-function isValidAstroData(obj: unknown): obj is MarkdownAstroData {
-	if (typeof obj === 'object' && obj !== null && obj.hasOwnProperty('frontmatter')) {
-		const { frontmatter } = obj as any;
-		try {
-			// ensure frontmatter is JSON-serializable
-			JSON.stringify(frontmatter);
-		} catch {
-			return false;
-		}
-		return typeof frontmatter === 'object' && frontmatter !== null;
-	}
-	return false;
-}
-
-export class InvalidAstroDataError extends TypeError {}
-
-export function safelyGetAstroData(vfileData: Data): MarkdownAstroData | InvalidAstroDataError {
-	const { astro } = vfileData;
-
-	if (!astro || !isValidAstroData(astro)) {
-		return new InvalidAstroDataError();
-	}
-
-	return astro;
-}
-
-export function setVfileFrontmatter(vfile: VFile, frontmatter: Record<string, any>) {
-	vfile.data ??= {};
-	vfile.data.astro ??= {};
-	(vfile.data.astro as any).frontmatter = frontmatter;
-}
diff --git a/packages/markdown/remark/src/frontmatter.ts b/packages/markdown/remark/src/frontmatter.ts
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..d8828a6fe
--- /dev/null
+++ b/packages/markdown/remark/src/frontmatter.ts
@@ -0,0 +1,9 @@
+export function isFrontmatterValid(frontmatter: Record<string, any>) {
+	try {
+		// ensure frontmatter is JSON-serializable
+		JSON.stringify(frontmatter);
+	} catch {
+		return false;
+	}
+	return typeof frontmatter === 'object' && frontmatter !== null;
+}
diff --git a/packages/markdown/remark/src/index.ts b/packages/markdown/remark/src/index.ts
index 0ed2aaca1..ad52dc16f 100644
--- a/packages/markdown/remark/src/index.ts
+++ b/packages/markdown/remark/src/index.ts
@@ -1,10 +1,5 @@
-import type { AstroMarkdownOptions, MarkdownProcessor, MarkdownVFile } from './types.js';
+import type { AstroMarkdownOptions, MarkdownProcessor } from './types.js';
 
-import {
-	InvalidAstroDataError,
-	safelyGetAstroData,
-	setVfileFrontmatter,
-} from './frontmatter-injection.js';
 import { loadPlugins } from './load-plugins.js';
 import { rehypeHeadingIds } from './rehype-collect-headings.js';
 import { rehypePrism } from './rehype-prism.js';
@@ -21,11 +16,11 @@ import { unified } from 'unified';
 import { VFile } from 'vfile';
 import { rehypeImages } from './rehype-images.js';
 
-export { InvalidAstroDataError, setVfileFrontmatter } from './frontmatter-injection.js';
 export { rehypeHeadingIds } from './rehype-collect-headings.js';
 export { remarkCollectImages } from './remark-collect-images.js';
 export { rehypePrism } from './rehype-prism.js';
 export { rehypeShiki } from './rehype-shiki.js';
+export { isFrontmatterValid } from './frontmatter.js';
 export {
 	createShikiHighlighter,
 	type ShikiHighlighter,
@@ -128,10 +123,17 @@ export async function createMarkdownProcessor(
 
 	return {
 		async render(content, renderOpts) {
-			const vfile = new VFile({ value: content, path: renderOpts?.fileURL });
-			setVfileFrontmatter(vfile, renderOpts?.frontmatter ?? {});
+			const vfile = new VFile({
+				value: content,
+				path: renderOpts?.fileURL,
+				data: {
+					astro: {
+						frontmatter: renderOpts?.frontmatter ?? {},
+					},
+				},
+			});
 
-			const result: MarkdownVFile = await parser.process(vfile).catch((err) => {
+			const result = await parser.process(vfile).catch((err) => {
 				// Ensure that the error message contains the input filename
 				// to make it easier for the user to fix the issue
 				err = prefixError(err, `Failed to parse Markdown file "${vfile.path}"`);
@@ -140,17 +142,12 @@ export async function createMarkdownProcessor(
 				throw err;
 			});
 
-			const astroData = safelyGetAstroData(result.data);
-			if (astroData instanceof InvalidAstroDataError) {
-				throw astroData;
-			}
-
 			return {
 				code: String(result.value),
 				metadata: {
-					headings: result.data.__astroHeadings ?? [],
-					imagePaths: result.data.imagePaths ?? new Set(),
-					frontmatter: astroData.frontmatter ?? {},
+					headings: result.data.astro?.headings ?? [],
+					imagePaths: result.data.astro?.imagePaths ?? [],
+					frontmatter: result.data.astro?.frontmatter ?? {},
 				},
 			};
 		},
diff --git a/packages/markdown/remark/src/internal.ts b/packages/markdown/remark/src/internal.ts
deleted file mode 100644
index 6201ef62f..000000000
--- a/packages/markdown/remark/src/internal.ts
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1 +0,0 @@
-export { InvalidAstroDataError, safelyGetAstroData } from './frontmatter-injection.js';
diff --git a/packages/markdown/remark/src/rehype-collect-headings.ts b/packages/markdown/remark/src/rehype-collect-headings.ts
index 05afae1ba..ab2113f49 100644
--- a/packages/markdown/remark/src/rehype-collect-headings.ts
+++ b/packages/markdown/remark/src/rehype-collect-headings.ts
@@ -3,19 +3,18 @@ import Slugger from 'github-slugger';
 import type { MdxTextExpression } from 'mdast-util-mdx-expression';
 import type { Node } from 'unist';
 import { visit } from 'unist-util-visit';
-
-import { InvalidAstroDataError, safelyGetAstroData } from './frontmatter-injection.js';
-import type { MarkdownAstroData, MarkdownHeading, MarkdownVFile, RehypePlugin } from './types.js';
+import type { VFile } from 'vfile';
+import type { MarkdownHeading, RehypePlugin } from './types.js';
 
 const rawNodeTypes = new Set(['text', 'raw', 'mdxTextExpression']);
 const codeTagNames = new Set(['code', 'pre']);
 
 export function rehypeHeadingIds(): ReturnType<RehypePlugin> {
-	return function (tree, file: MarkdownVFile) {
+	return function (tree, file) {
 		const headings: MarkdownHeading[] = [];
+		const frontmatter = file.data.astro?.frontmatter;
 		const slugger = new Slugger();
 		const isMDX = isMDXFile(file);
-		const astroData = safelyGetAstroData(file.data);
 		visit(tree, (node) => {
 			if (node.type !== 'element') return;
 			const { tagName } = node;
@@ -37,10 +36,13 @@ export function rehypeHeadingIds(): ReturnType<RehypePlugin> {
 				if (rawNodeTypes.has(child.type)) {
 					if (isMDX || codeTagNames.has(parent.tagName)) {
 						let value = child.value;
-						if (isMdxTextExpression(child) && !(astroData instanceof InvalidAstroDataError)) {
+						if (isMdxTextExpression(child) && frontmatter) {
 							const frontmatterPath = getMdxFrontmatterVariablePath(child);
 							if (Array.isArray(frontmatterPath) && frontmatterPath.length > 0) {
-								const frontmatterValue = getMdxFrontmatterVariableValue(astroData, frontmatterPath);
+								const frontmatterValue = getMdxFrontmatterVariableValue(
+									frontmatter,
+									frontmatterPath,
+								);
 								if (typeof frontmatterValue === 'string') {
 									value = frontmatterValue;
 								}
@@ -65,11 +67,12 @@ export function rehypeHeadingIds(): ReturnType<RehypePlugin> {
 			headings.push({ depth, slug: node.properties.id, text });
 		});
 
-		file.data.__astroHeadings = headings;
+		file.data.astro ??= {};
+		file.data.astro.headings = headings;
 	};
 }
 
-function isMDXFile(file: MarkdownVFile) {
+function isMDXFile(file: VFile) {
 	return Boolean(file.history[0]?.endsWith('.mdx'));
 }
 
@@ -109,8 +112,8 @@ function getMdxFrontmatterVariablePath(node: MdxTextExpression): string[] | Erro
 	return expressionPath.reverse();
 }
 
-function getMdxFrontmatterVariableValue(astroData: MarkdownAstroData, path: string[]) {
-	let value: MdxFrontmatterVariableValue = astroData.frontmatter;
+function getMdxFrontmatterVariableValue(frontmatter: Record<string, any>, path: string[]) {
+	let value = frontmatter;
 
 	for (const key of path) {
 		if (!value[key]) return undefined;
@@ -124,6 +127,3 @@ function getMdxFrontmatterVariableValue(astroData: MarkdownAstroData, path: stri
 function isMdxTextExpression(node: Node): node is MdxTextExpression {
 	return node.type === 'mdxTextExpression';
 }
-
-type MdxFrontmatterVariableValue =
-	MarkdownAstroData['frontmatter'][keyof MarkdownAstroData['frontmatter']];
diff --git a/packages/markdown/remark/src/rehype-images.ts b/packages/markdown/remark/src/rehype-images.ts
index 01e5aa6d6..11d33df9c 100644
--- a/packages/markdown/remark/src/rehype-images.ts
+++ b/packages/markdown/remark/src/rehype-images.ts
@@ -1,9 +1,9 @@
 import { visit } from 'unist-util-visit';
-import type { MarkdownVFile } from './types.js';
+import type { VFile } from 'vfile';
 
 export function rehypeImages() {
 	return () =>
-		function (tree: any, file: MarkdownVFile) {
+		function (tree: any, file: VFile) {
 			const imageOccurrenceMap = new Map();
 
 			visit(tree, (node) => {
@@ -13,7 +13,7 @@ export function rehypeImages() {
 				if (node.properties?.src) {
 					node.properties.src = decodeURI(node.properties.src);
 
-					if (file.data.imagePaths?.has(node.properties.src)) {
+					if (file.data.astro?.imagePaths?.includes(node.properties.src)) {
 						const { ...props } = node.properties;
 
 						// Initialize or increment occurrence count for this image
diff --git a/packages/markdown/remark/src/remark-collect-images.ts b/packages/markdown/remark/src/remark-collect-images.ts
index 22774d5f1..f09f1c580 100644
--- a/packages/markdown/remark/src/remark-collect-images.ts
+++ b/packages/markdown/remark/src/remark-collect-images.ts
@@ -1,10 +1,10 @@
 import type { Image, ImageReference } from 'mdast';
 import { definitions } from 'mdast-util-definitions';
 import { visit } from 'unist-util-visit';
-import type { MarkdownVFile } from './types.js';
+import type { VFile } from 'vfile';
 
 export function remarkCollectImages() {
-	return function (tree: any, vfile: MarkdownVFile) {
+	return function (tree: any, vfile: VFile) {
 		if (typeof vfile?.path !== 'string') return;
 
 		const definition = definitions(tree);
@@ -22,7 +22,8 @@ export function remarkCollectImages() {
 			}
 		});
 
-		vfile.data.imagePaths = imagePaths;
+		vfile.data.astro ??= {};
+		vfile.data.astro.imagePaths = Array.from(imagePaths);
 	};
 }
 
diff --git a/packages/markdown/remark/src/types.ts b/packages/markdown/remark/src/types.ts
index 4a1263e50..6134bdf8a 100644
--- a/packages/markdown/remark/src/types.ts
+++ b/packages/markdown/remark/src/types.ts
@@ -3,14 +3,19 @@ import type * as mdast from 'mdast';
 import type { Options as RemarkRehypeOptions } from 'remark-rehype';
 import type { BuiltinTheme } from 'shiki';
 import type * as unified from 'unified';
-import type { DataMap, VFile } from 'vfile';
 import type { CreateShikiHighlighterOptions, ShikiHighlighterHighlightOptions } from './shiki.js';
 
 export type { Node } from 'unist';
 
-export type MarkdownAstroData = {
-	frontmatter: Record<string, any>;
-};
+declare module 'vfile' {
+	interface DataMap {
+		astro: {
+			headings?: MarkdownHeading[];
+			imagePaths?: string[];
+			frontmatter?: Record<string, any>;
+		};
+	}
+}
 
 export type RemarkPlugin<PluginParameters extends any[] = any[]> = unified.Plugin<
 	PluginParameters,
@@ -62,7 +67,7 @@ export interface MarkdownProcessorRenderResult {
 	code: string;
 	metadata: {
 		headings: MarkdownHeading[];
-		imagePaths: Set<string>;
+		imagePaths: string[];
 		frontmatter: Record<string, any>;
 	};
 }
@@ -72,12 +77,3 @@ export interface MarkdownHeading {
 	slug: string;
 	text: string;
 }
-
-// TODO: Remove `MarkdownVFile` and move all additional properties to `DataMap` instead
-export interface MarkdownVFile extends VFile {
-	data: Record<string, unknown> &
-		Partial<DataMap> & {
-			__astroHeadings?: MarkdownHeading[];
-			imagePaths?: Set<string>;
-		};
-}
diff --git a/packages/markdown/remark/test/remark-collect-images.test.js b/packages/markdown/remark/test/remark-collect-images.test.js
index 025d909aa..669bee595 100644
--- a/packages/markdown/remark/test/remark-collect-images.test.js
+++ b/packages/markdown/remark/test/remark-collect-images.test.js
@@ -23,7 +23,7 @@ describe('collect images', async () => {
 			'<p>Hello <img __ASTRO_IMAGE_="{&#x22;src&#x22;:&#x22;./img.png&#x22;,&#x22;alt&#x22;:&#x22;inline image url&#x22;,&#x22;index&#x22;:0}"></p>',
 		);
 
-		assert.deepEqual(Array.from(imagePaths), ['./img.png']);
+		assert.deepEqual(imagePaths, ['./img.png']);
 	});
 
 	it('should add image paths from definition', async () => {
@@ -37,6 +37,6 @@ describe('collect images', async () => {
 			'<p>Hello <img __ASTRO_IMAGE_="{&#x22;src&#x22;:&#x22;./img.webp&#x22;,&#x22;alt&#x22;:&#x22;image ref&#x22;,&#x22;index&#x22;:0}"></p>',
 		);
 
-		assert.deepEqual(Array.from(metadata.imagePaths), ['./img.webp']);
+		assert.deepEqual(metadata.imagePaths, ['./img.webp']);
 	});
 });