fix: explicitly set dev mode for data store (#12947)

* fix: explicitly set dev mode for data store

* Error handling

* Add check for file before saving

* rm unused import

* Use explicit command

* Ensure dir before writing

9 files changed, 91 insertions, 35 deletions

diff --git a/.changeset/purple-pillows-lay.md b/.changeset/purple-pillows-lay.md
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..c372a1068
--- /dev/null
+++ b/.changeset/purple-pillows-lay.md
@@ -0,0 +1,5 @@
+---
+'astro': patch
+---
+
+Fixes a bug that caused empty content collections when running dev with NODE_ENV set
diff --git a/packages/astro/src/content/content-layer.ts b/packages/astro/src/content/content-layer.ts
index a544d5304..865da268c 100644
--- a/packages/astro/src/content/content-layer.ts
+++ b/packages/astro/src/content/content-layer.ts
@@ -278,8 +278,7 @@ export class ContentLayer {
 		);
 		await fs.mkdir(this.#settings.config.cacheDir, { recursive: true });
 		await fs.mkdir(this.#settings.dotAstroDir, { recursive: true });
-		const cacheFile = getDataStoreFile(this.#settings);
-		await this.#store.writeToDisk(cacheFile);
+		await this.#store.writeToDisk();
 		const assetImportsFile = new URL(ASSET_IMPORTS_FILE, this.#settings.dotAstroDir);
 		await this.#store.writeAssetImports(assetImportsFile);
 		const modulesImportsFile = new URL(MODULES_IMPORTS_FILE, this.#settings.dotAstroDir);
@@ -379,8 +378,7 @@ export async function simpleLoader<TData extends { id: string }>(
  * During development, this is in the `.astro` directory so that the Vite watcher can see it.
  * In production, it's in the cache directory so that it's preserved between builds.
  */
-export function getDataStoreFile(settings: AstroSettings, isDev?: boolean) {
-	isDev ??= process?.env.NODE_ENV === 'development';
+export function getDataStoreFile(settings: AstroSettings, isDev: boolean) {
 	return new URL(DATA_STORE_FILE, isDev ? settings.dotAstroDir : settings.config.cacheDir);
 }
 
diff --git a/packages/astro/src/content/mutable-data-store.ts b/packages/astro/src/content/mutable-data-store.ts
index 7f125ed4b..c033584d6 100644
--- a/packages/astro/src/content/mutable-data-store.ts
+++ b/packages/astro/src/content/mutable-data-store.ts
@@ -180,16 +180,15 @@ export default new Map([\n${lines.join(',\n')}]);
 
 	#saveToDiskDebounced() {
 		this.#dirty = true;
-		// Only save to disk if it has already been saved once
-		if (this.#file) {
-			if (this.#saveTimeout) {
-				clearTimeout(this.#saveTimeout);
-			}
-			this.#saveTimeout = setTimeout(() => {
-				this.#saveTimeout = undefined;
-				this.writeToDisk(this.#file!);
-			}, SAVE_DEBOUNCE_MS);
+		if (this.#saveTimeout) {
+			clearTimeout(this.#saveTimeout);
 		}
+		this.#saveTimeout = setTimeout(() => {
+			this.#saveTimeout = undefined;
+			if (this.#file) {
+				this.writeToDisk();
+			}
+		}, SAVE_DEBOUNCE_MS);
 	}
 
 	#writing = new Set<string>();
@@ -331,13 +330,15 @@ export default new Map([\n${lines.join(',\n')}]);
 		return devalue.stringify(this._collections);
 	}
 
-	async writeToDisk(filePath: PathLike) {
+	async writeToDisk() {
 		if (!this.#dirty) {
 			return;
 		}
+		if (!this.#file) {
+			throw new AstroError(AstroErrorData.UnknownFilesystemError);
+		}
 		try {
-			await this.#writeFileAtomic(filePath, this.toString());
-			this.#file = filePath;
+			await this.#writeFileAtomic(this.#file, this.toString());
 			this.#dirty = false;
 		} catch (err) {
 			throw new AstroError(AstroErrorData.UnknownFilesystemError, { cause: err });
@@ -373,10 +374,16 @@ export default new Map([\n${lines.join(',\n')}]);
 		try {
 			if (existsSync(filePath)) {
 				const data = await fs.readFile(filePath, 'utf-8');
-				return MutableDataStore.fromString(data);
+				const store = await MutableDataStore.fromString(data);
+				store.#file = filePath;
+				return store;
+			} else {
+				await fs.mkdir(new URL('./', filePath), { recursive: true });
 			}
 		} catch {}
-		return new MutableDataStore();
+		const store = new MutableDataStore();
+		store.#file = filePath;
+		return store;
 	}
 }
 
diff --git a/packages/astro/src/core/build/index.ts b/packages/astro/src/core/build/index.ts
index 1fcbd6f03..e39280018 100644
--- a/packages/astro/src/core/build/index.ts
+++ b/packages/astro/src/core/build/index.ts
@@ -68,7 +68,8 @@ export default async function build(
 	const settings = await createSettings(astroConfig, fileURLToPath(astroConfig.root));
 
 	if (inlineConfig.force) {
-		await clearContentLayerCache({ settings, logger, fs });
+		// isDev is always false, because it's interested in the build command, not the output type
+		await clearContentLayerCache({ settings, logger, fs, isDev: false });
 	}
 
 	const builder = new AstroBuilder(settings, {
@@ -154,6 +155,7 @@ class AstroBuilder {
 			logger,
 			fs,
 			manifest: this.manifest,
+			command: 'build',
 		});
 
 		return { viteConfig };
diff --git a/packages/astro/src/core/dev/container.ts b/packages/astro/src/core/dev/container.ts
index 3484227af..e82f65a0b 100644
--- a/packages/astro/src/core/dev/container.ts
+++ b/packages/astro/src/core/dev/container.ts
@@ -119,6 +119,7 @@ export async function createContainer({
 		},
 		force: inlineConfig?.force,
 		manifest,
+		command: 'dev',
 	});
 
 	const viteServer = await vite.createServer(viteConfig);
diff --git a/packages/astro/src/core/dev/dev.ts b/packages/astro/src/core/dev/dev.ts
index 31b677ef8..b54074c8e 100644
--- a/packages/astro/src/core/dev/dev.ts
+++ b/packages/astro/src/core/dev/dev.ts
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-import fs, { existsSync } from 'node:fs';
+import fs from 'node:fs';
 import type http from 'node:http';
 import type { AddressInfo } from 'node:net';
 import { performance } from 'node:perf_hooks';
@@ -87,22 +87,22 @@ export default async function dev(inlineConfig: AstroInlineConfig): Promise<DevS
 	let store: MutableDataStore | undefined;
 	try {
 		const dataStoreFile = getDataStoreFile(restart.container.settings, true);
-		if (existsSync(dataStoreFile)) {
-			store = await MutableDataStore.fromFile(dataStoreFile);
-		}
+		store = await MutableDataStore.fromFile(dataStoreFile);
 	} catch (err: any) {
 		logger.error('content', err.message);
 	}
-	if (!store) {
-		store = new MutableDataStore();
+
+	if(!store) {
+		logger.error('content', 'Failed to create data store');
 	}
+
 	await attachContentServerListeners(restart.container);
 
 	const config = globalContentConfigObserver.get();
 	if (config.status === 'error') {
 		logger.error('content', config.error.message);
 	}
-	if (config.status === 'loaded') {
+	if (config.status === 'loaded' && store) {
 		const contentLayer = globalContentLayer.init({
 			settings: restart.container.settings,
 			logger,
diff --git a/packages/astro/src/core/sync/index.ts b/packages/astro/src/core/sync/index.ts
index ff408e323..6f796c171 100644
--- a/packages/astro/src/core/sync/index.ts
+++ b/packages/astro/src/core/sync/index.ts
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-import fsMod, { existsSync } from 'node:fs';
+import fsMod from 'node:fs';
 import { dirname, relative } from 'node:path';
 import { performance } from 'node:perf_hooks';
 import { fileURLToPath } from 'node:url';
@@ -49,6 +49,7 @@ export type SyncOptions = {
 		cleanup?: boolean;
 	};
 	manifest: ManifestData;
+	command: "build" | "dev" | "sync";
 };
 
 export default async function sync(
@@ -78,6 +79,7 @@ export default async function sync(
 		fs,
 		force: inlineConfig.force,
 		manifest,
+		command: 'sync',
 	});
 }
 
@@ -88,12 +90,14 @@ export async function clearContentLayerCache({
 	settings,
 	logger,
 	fs = fsMod,
+	isDev,
 }: {
 	settings: AstroSettings;
 	logger: Logger;
 	fs?: typeof fsMod;
+	isDev: boolean;
 }) {
-	const dataStore = getDataStoreFile(settings);
+	const dataStore = getDataStoreFile(settings, isDev);
 	if (fs.existsSync(dataStore)) {
 		logger.debug('content', 'clearing data store');
 		await fs.promises.rm(dataStore, { force: true });
@@ -115,9 +119,11 @@ export async function syncInternal({
 	skip,
 	force,
 	manifest,
+	command,
 }: SyncOptions): Promise<void> {
+	const isDev = command === 'dev';
 	if (force) {
-		await clearContentLayerCache({ settings, logger, fs });
+		await clearContentLayerCache({ settings, logger, fs, isDev });
 	}
 
 	const timerStart = performance.now();
@@ -127,15 +133,14 @@ export async function syncInternal({
 		settings.timer.start('Sync content layer');
 		let store: MutableDataStore | undefined;
 		try {
-			const dataStoreFile = getDataStoreFile(settings);
-			if (existsSync(dataStoreFile)) {
-				store = await MutableDataStore.fromFile(dataStoreFile);
-			}
+			const dataStoreFile = getDataStoreFile(settings, isDev);
+			store = await MutableDataStore.fromFile(dataStoreFile);
 		} catch (err: any) {
 			logger.error('content', err.message);
 		}
 		if (!store) {
-			store = new MutableDataStore();
+			logger.error('content', 'Failed to load content store');
+			return;
 		}
 		const contentLayer = globalContentLayer.init({
 			settings,
diff --git a/packages/astro/test/astro-mode.test.js b/packages/astro/test/astro-mode.test.js
index 09585831a..cffacce6e 100644
--- a/packages/astro/test/astro-mode.test.js
+++ b/packages/astro/test/astro-mode.test.js
@@ -2,15 +2,25 @@ import assert from 'node:assert/strict';
 import { after, afterEach, before, describe, it } from 'node:test';
 import * as cheerio from 'cheerio';
 import { loadFixture } from './test-utils.js';
+import { existsSync, promises as fs } from 'node:fs';
 
 describe('--mode', () => {
 	/** @type {import('./test-utils.js').Fixture} */
 	let fixture;
+	let devDataStoreFile;
+	let prodDataStoreFile;
+
+	async function deleteDataStoreFiles() {
+		await fs.unlink(devDataStoreFile).catch(() => {});
+		await fs.unlink(prodDataStoreFile).catch(() => {});
+	}
 
 	before(async () => {
 		fixture = await loadFixture({
 			root: './fixtures/astro-mode/',
 		});
+		devDataStoreFile = new URL('./.astro/data-store.json', fixture.config.root);
+		prodDataStoreFile = new URL('./node_modules/.astro/data-store.json', fixture.config.root);
 	});
 
 	afterEach(() => {
@@ -25,6 +35,7 @@ describe('--mode', () => {
 
 	describe('build', () => {
 		before(async () => {
+			await deleteDataStoreFiles();
 			await fixture.build();
 		});
 
@@ -37,10 +48,15 @@ describe('--mode', () => {
 			assert.equal($('#env-title').text(), 'production');
 			assert.equal($('#env-astro-title').text(), 'production');
 		});
+
+		it('writes data store file in the correct location', async () => {
+			assert.ok(existsSync(prodDataStoreFile));
+		})
 	});
 
 	describe('build --mode testing --devOutput', () => {
 		before(async () => {
+			await deleteDataStoreFiles();
 			await fixture.build({ mode: 'testing' }, { devOutput: true });
 		});
 
@@ -52,11 +68,17 @@ describe('--mode', () => {
 			assert.equal($('#env-prod').text(), 'false');
 			assert.equal($('#env-title').text(), '');
 			assert.equal($('#env-astro-title').text(), 'unset');
+			assert.ok
 		});
+
+		it('writes data store file in the correct location', async () => {
+			assert.ok(existsSync(prodDataStoreFile));
+		})
 	});
 
 	describe('build --mode staging', () => {
 		before(async () => {
+			await deleteDataStoreFiles();
 			await fixture.build({ mode: 'staging' });
 		});
 
@@ -69,12 +91,18 @@ describe('--mode', () => {
 			assert.equal($('#env-title').text(), 'staging');
 			assert.equal($('#env-astro-title').text(), 'staging');
 		});
+
+		it('writes data store file in the correct location', async () => {
+			assert.ok(existsSync(prodDataStoreFile));
+		})
+
 	});
 
 	describe('dev', () => {
 		/** @type {import('./test-utils.js').DevServer} */
 		let devServer;
 		before(async () => {
+			await deleteDataStoreFiles();
 			devServer = await fixture.startDevServer();
 		});
 		after(async () => {
@@ -92,12 +120,17 @@ describe('--mode', () => {
 			assert.equal($('#env-title').text(), 'development');
 			assert.equal($('#env-astro-title').text(), 'development');
 		});
+
+		it('writes data store file in the correct location', async () => {
+			assert.ok(existsSync(devDataStoreFile));
+		})
 	});
 
 	describe('dev --mode develop', () => {
 		/** @type {import('./test-utils.js').DevServer} */
 		let devServer;
 		before(async () => {
+			await deleteDataStoreFiles();
 			devServer = await fixture.startDevServer({ mode: 'develop' });
 		});
 		after(async () => {
@@ -115,5 +148,10 @@ describe('--mode', () => {
 			assert.equal($('#env-title').text(), '');
 			assert.equal($('#env-astro-title').text(), 'unset');
 		});
+
+		it('writes data store file in the correct location', async () => {
+			assert.ok(existsSync(devDataStoreFile));
+		})
+
 	});
 });
diff --git a/packages/astro/test/fixtures/content-layer/src/pages/missing.astro b/packages/astro/test/fixtures/content-layer/src/pages/missing.astro
index 6fee7db07..f0e65d1bc 100644
--- a/packages/astro/test/fixtures/content-layer/src/pages/missing.astro
+++ b/packages/astro/test/fixtures/content-layer/src/pages/missing.astro
@@ -1,7 +1,7 @@
 ---
 import { getEntry, render } from "astro:content"
 // Skipping the broken page in production so the build doesn't fail
-if(import.meta.env.PROD) {
+if(import.meta.env.PROD || import.meta.env.MODE === "production") {
 	return new Response(null, { status: 404 })
 }